Glomerulonephritis in children symptoms diagnosis treatment

 There are two types of disease chronic and acute glomerulonephritis in children, which differ in causes and symptoms. The giandliverconsultants provide the best liver consultants in USA.

Sharp The reason is an infectious disease, the symptoms are pronounced, the child's condition deteriorates sharply. With timely detection is treatable and proceeds in most cases without complications.

Chronic Chronic, so-called diffuse glomerulonephritis is a more severe, inflammatory process in the kidneys, which gradually leads to the death of the glomeruli. The cause of the disease is often not noticed in time, untreated acute form of glomerulonephritis. Requires long-term inpatient treatment and recovery period. Chronic glomerulonephritis is much less common in children: in 100 cases of acute disease, only two are chronic. possible complications In addition to the fact that the chronicity of the inflammatory process in the glomeruli of the kidneys in itself is a consequence of the lack of therapy for acute forms of the disease, complications of the disease can also be:

·         pulmonary edema;

·         renal eclampsia;

·         hemorrhage into the brain;

·         uremia;

The strongest seizures; nephrotic encephalopathy; acute or chronic renal or heart failure. Drug treatment As mentioned above, in diseases such as glomerulonephritis, the symptoms and treatment in children and adults are completely the same. The fight against infection begins with the use of penicillin drugs. Warming up the kidney area helps in the treatment of anuria. With azotemia and hyperkalemia, if this condition lasts more than six days, peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis is used. At an exacerbation of chronic glomerulonephritis with the minimum change of glomeruli cytostatics and glucocorticoids are used for treatment. Prednisolone is prescribed. One milligram per kilogram of body weight is administered for six or eight weeks, followed by a rapid dose reduction to five milligrams per week. If the activity of CKD is high, Prednisolone is used, but drip (three days once a day.

Alternative drugs used in treatment: drugs "Cyclosporine" and "Azathioprine". They are prescribed in cases where there is a high risk of renal failure. types of disease Glomerulonephritis has a fairly large classification. The pathology can be primary, ie develop under the direct influence of a pathological factor (eg, streptococcal infection) on kidney tissue, or secondary - occur against the background of autoimmune pathology, such as hemorrhagic vasculitis or systemic lupus erythematosus. According to the clinical course of the pathology is:

·         acute;

·         chronic;

·         subacute (malignant). Forms of acute inflammation of the glomeruli:

 cyclic (with bright manifestations) can occur in the following types depending on the predominance of the symptom complex (syndrome): with nephrotic syndrome (manifested by edema, proteinuria - protein in the urine); with nephritic syndrome (with very pronounced edema, high levels of red blood cells, protein, cylinders in the urine, decreased protein fractions in the blood, hypertension, anemia); with hypertensive syndrome (with consistently high blood pressure); Acyclic (latent) - erased form with asymptomatic or asymptomatic course, dangerous imperceptible transition to chronic progressive inflammation.

The chronic process in children can take place in three ways:

 hematuric (with erythrocytes in the urine); nephrotic (edema and protein in the urine);mixed. According to the prevalence of the inflammatory process there are forms: minor glomerular changes; diffuse; focal (focal). According to the localization of inflammation, glomerulonephritis is divided into: intracapillary (in the vessels of the glomerulus); extracapillary (in the cavity of the glomerular capsule).

classification of glomerulonephritis

 The first step to recovery Treatment of glomerulonephritis in children involves hospitalization in a specialized department. They are assigned to bed rest and mandatory diet. Fats and carbohydrates are consumed within physiological needs, and the amount of protein should be limited. Adhere to a strictly protein-free diet will have to disappear azotemia and oliguria. The amount of salt is also reduced. This happens until the swelling subsides. Excludes: meat, fish, mushroom broths, smoked meats, sausages, cheeses, pickled vegetables, canned foods. On the second or third day of illness you can spend a sugar-fruit day. Adhere to bed rest until the signs of disease activity disappear. This period lasts about six weeks. After this time, the child can get up, even if he still has moderate microscopic hematuria. This is the first step in treatment: diet and bed rest. Why glomerulonephritis develops in children The main reason for the formation of kidney disease in children - the penetration of microbes. The most common pathogens are: streptococci; Glomerulonephritis often develops in children as a complication after streptococcal sore throat staphylococci; proteus; intestinal and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. But the simple presence of microorganisms is not enough. The development of glomerulonephritis also requires the influence of the following factors:

·         hypothermia;

·         frequent changes in climatic zones;

·         weakened immunity;

·         malnutrition;

What is glomerulonephritis in children Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory lesion of the glomeruli that leads to dysfunction. The disease has an infectious-allergic nature. In pediatric nephrology, glomerulonephritis is the second most common, with boys being twice as likely as girls. In the risk group preschoolers and younger students - from 3 to 10 years, in children under 2 years of age the disease is very rare. Inflammation in the glomerular apparatus usually occurs sometime after bacterial (often streptococcal), viral or parasitic infection.

 After infection of the child's body with pathogenic microflora, circulating immune complexes (CEC) are formed. This is the body's response to the introduction of foreign agents. The complexes circulate in the bloodstream and are fixed in the cortical layer of the kidneys, provoking inflammation of the nephrons with massive damage to their capillary glomeruli.

The process may gradually involve the renal tubules and the surrounding kidney tissue. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the capillary glomeruli that are part of the nephrons of the kidneys What happens to the kidneys The kidneys are composed of nephrons, each of which is formed from glomeruli - glomeruli of the smallest vessels covered with a capsule - and a complex system of tubules connected to the collective tubules leading to the renal pelvis.

 

It is in the capillary glomeruli that the blood entering the kidneys is first filtered and the so called primary urine is separated. The giandliverconsultants provide the best gastrointestinal consultants in USA.  Its secondary filtration with the substances still dissolved in it is necessary in renal tubules, Henle's loops. After passing through the system of these tubules, the primary urine becomes final, ie all the necessary substances (protein molecules, electrolytes, vitamins) are absorbed back, and the fluid with dissolved unwanted elements flows down the collecting tubes into the pelvic system and then excreted.

Inflammation of the glomeruli

Inflammation of the glomeruli leads to the fact that they cannot perform their filter system function, ie clean the blood of harmful substances. In the glomeruli, the blood is filtered from harmful substances excreted in the urine Pathological changes that occur in the glomeruli during inflammation: the walls of the capillaries become more permeable to blood cells, due to which there is a blockage of the formed elements of the blood cavity of the glomerular capsule and renal tubules; microscopic thrombi are formed, which block the vascular lumens; the movement of blood through the capillaries of the glomeruli slows down or stops altogether; the process of filtering blood in the kidney is completely disrupted; subsequently, the walls of blood vessels (and then the entire nephron) are replaced by connective, non-functional tissue, eventually the renal "bricks" die; due to the death of nephrons there is a sharp decrease in the amount of blood purifies and develops renal failure syndrome; it is expressed in the fact that the necessary substances are not returned to the bloodstream, they are excreted in the urine, and toxins, on the contrary, accumulate